Is Ayahuasca Legal in Virginia? (2026)

Instrument

Schedule I hallucinogenic substances (official text)

Source

https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title54.1/chapter34/section54.1-3446/

Retrieved

2026-11-01

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85c9954e92d1a83b

3. Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation, which contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances, or which contains any of its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers, whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation (for purposes of this subdivision only, the term "isomer" includes the optical, position, and geometric isomers):

4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine (other names: 4-hydroxy MET, Metocin);

Instrument

Inhaling drugs or other noxious chemical substances or causing, etc. others to do so prohibited; sale, distribution, etc. of nitrous oxide prohibited; penalties

Source

https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter7/section18.2-264/

Retrieved

2026-10-31

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A. For the purposes of this section:
“Noxious chemical substances” includes fingernail polish and model airplane glue and chemicals containing any ketones, aldehydes, organic acetates, ether, chlorinated hydrocarbons or vapors, fluorinated hydrocarbons or vapors, nitrous oxide, or hydrogenated fluorocarbons.
“Practitioner” means the same as that term is defined in §
54.1-3401
.
B. It is unlawful, except under the direction of a practitioner, for any person deliberately to smell or inhale any drugs or any other noxious chemical substances with the intent to become intoxicated, inebriated, excited, or stupefied or to dull the brain or nervous system. Any person violating the provisions of this subsection is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.
C. It is unlawful for any person, other than one duly licensed, deliberately to cause, invite, or induce any person to smell or inhale any drugs or any other noxious chemical substances with the intent to intoxicate, inebriate, excite, stupefy, or dull the brain or nervous system of such person. Any person violating the provisions of this subsection is guilty of a Class 2 misdemeanor.
D. 1.  It is unlawful for any person to sell, distribute, or offer to sell or distribute a device that is designed or intended to deliver a gas containing nitrous oxide through direct inhalation to any person who is not exempted under subdivision E 1.
2. It is unlawful for any person to sell, distribute, or offer to sell or distribute nitrous oxide that has, or is marketed as having, the taste or smell of any food or beverage, including any fruit, candy, dessert, alcoholic beverage, herb, or spice, that is distinguishable by an ordinary consumer either prior to or during consumption or use of such nitrous oxide to any person who is not exempted under subdivision E 1.
3. This subsection shall not apply to (i) a device, as described in subdivision 1, for nitrous oxide that is denatured or otherwise rendered unfit for human consumption or (ii) any person or establishment that is (a) solely engaged in the business of selling or distributing catering supplies, food processing equipment, or compressed gases for industrial or medical use or (b) a health care provider.
4. Any person who violates the provisions of this subsection is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.
E. 1.  It is unlawful for any person to sell, distribute, or offer to sell or distribute a container of nitrous oxide that exceeds eight grams, except to:
a. A health care provider;
b. A person or establishment licensed or otherwise engaged in the business of selling or distributing catering supplies, food processing equipment, or food service equipment;
c. A person or establishment engaged in the business of selling or distributing compressed gases for industrial, manufacturing, or research use;
d. A person or establishment engaged in the sale, distribution, or installation of automotive performance equipment, provided that the nitrous oxide has been denatured or otherwise rendered unfit for human consumption;
e. An institution of higher education or research institution for scientific or educational purposes;
f. A person or establishment engaged in aerospace manufacturing or aerospace propulsion applications; or
g. A person or establishment for use as a propellant in food or food preparation for a restaurant, food and beverage service, or houseware product.
2. It is unlawful for any person to purchase or attempt to purchase a container of nitrous oxide that exceeds eight grams unless such person is exempted under subdivision 1.
3. A violation of this subsection is a Class 1 misdemeanor.

Instrument

Schedule I: opiates

Source

https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title54.1/chapter34/section54.1-3446/

Retrieved

2026-11-01

Fingerprint

5860946951f9ed12

The controlled substances listed in this section are included in Schedule I:

1. Any of the following opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, unless specifically excepted, whenever the existence of these isomers, esters, ethers and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:

1-{1-[1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (other name: Brorphine);
1-[2-methyl-4-(3-phenyl-2-propen-1-yl)-1-piperazinyl]-1-butanone (other name: 2-methyl AP-237);

1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-phenyl-4-acetyloxypiperidine (other name: PEPAP);

1-(4-cinnamyl-2,6-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)propan-1-one (other name: AP-238);

1-methoxy-3-[4-(2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-phenylpropan-2-ol (other name: zipeprol);

1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine (other name: MPPP);
2-[2-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-nitrobenzimidazol-1-yl]-N-ethylethanamine (other name: N-desethyl etonitazene);

2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-5-nitro-1-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-1H-benzimidazole (other names: N-piperidinyl etonitazene; etonitazepipne);

2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-5-nitro-1-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazole (other names: N-pyrrolidino etonitazene, etonitazepyne);

2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-nitro-1-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)benzimidazole (other names: metonitazepyne, N-pyrrolidino metonitazene);
2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-N,N-diethyl-5-nitro-1H-benzimidazole-1-ethanamine (other name: Metonitazene);

2-methoxy-N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-acetamide (other name: Methoxyacetyl fentanyl);

3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methyl-benzamide (other name: U-47700);

3,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl}benzamide (other name: AH-7921);

3-furanyl fentanyl (other name: N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylfuran-3-carboxamide);
2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl (other name: N-(1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylpropionamide);

7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxo-11H-benzo[c][2,1]benzothiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid (other name: Tianeptine);

Acetyl fentanyl (other name: desmethyl fentanyl);

Acetylmethadol;

Allylprodine;

Alphacetylmethadol (except levo-alphacetylmethadol, also known as levo-alpha-acetylmethadol, levomethadyl acetate, or LAAM);

Alphameprodine;

Alphamethadol;

Benzethidine;

Betacetylmethadol;
Betameprodine;

Betamethadol;

Betaprodine;

Clonitazene;

Dextromoramide;

Diampromide;

Diethylthiambutene;

Difenoxin;

Dimenoxadol;

Dimepheptanol;

Dimethylthiambutene;

Dioxaphetylbutyrate;

Dipipanone;

Ethyl N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]carbamate (other name: fentanyl carbamate);

Ethylmethylthiambutene;

Etonitazene;

Etoxeridine;

Furethidine;

Hydroxypethidine;

Isovaleryl fentanyl (other name: 3-methyl-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylbutanamide);

Ketobemidone;
Levomoramide;

Levophenacylmorphan;

Meta-fluorofentanyl (other name: N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)propionamide);

Meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl (other name: N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide);

Morpheridine;

MT-45 (1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine);

N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamide (other name: Cyclopropyl fentanyl);
N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenyltetrahydrofuran-2-carboxamide (other name: Tetrahydrofuranyl fentanyl);

N-[1-[1-methyl-2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide (other name: alpha-methylthiofentanyl);

N-[1-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylacetamide (other name: acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl);

N-{1-[2-hydroxy-2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinyl}-N-phenylpropanamide (other name: beta-hydroxythiofentanyl);
N-[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenyl)ethyl-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide (other name: beta-hydroxyfentanyl);

N-[1-(alpha-methyl-beta-phenyl)ethyl-4-piperidyl]propionanilide (other names: 1-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-4-(N-propanilido) piperidine, alpha-methylfentanyl);

N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]prop-2-enamide (other name: ortho-fluoroacryl fentanyl);

N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide (other names: 2-fluorofentanyl, ortho-fluorofentanyl);
N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide (other name: ortho-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl);

N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-[1-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]propanamide (other names: 2'-fluoro ortho-fluorofentanyl; 2'-fluoro 2-fluorofentanyl);

N-[1-[2-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]-N-phenylacetamide (other name: 4'-methyl acetyl fentanyl);

N-ethyl-2-[5-nitro-2-[(4-propan-2-yloxyphenyl)methyl]benzimidazol-1-yl]ethanamine (other name: N-desethyl Isotonitazene);
N,3-diphenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide (other names: beta'-phenyl fentanyl; beta'-phenyl fentanyl; 3-phenylpropanoyl fentanyl);

N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylpropyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide (other name: beta-methyl fentanyl);

N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]butanamide (other name: ortho-fluorobutyryl fentanyl; 2-fluorobutyryl fentanyl);
N-(2-methylphenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]acetamide (other names: ortho-methyl acetylfentanyl; 2-methyl acetylfentanyl);

N-(2-methylphenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide (other name: ortho-methylfentanyl);

N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide (other names: para-methylfentanyl; 4-methylfentanyl);

N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide (other name: para-chloroisobutyryl fentanyl);
N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide (other name: 3-fluorofentanyl);

N-[3-methyl-1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide (other name: beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl);

N-[3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide (other name: 3-methylfentanyl);

N-[3-methyl-1-(2-thienyl)ethyl-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide (other name: 3-methylthiofentanyl);
N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide (other names: para-chlorofentanyl, 4-chlorofentanyl);

N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide (other name: para-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl);

N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]furan-2-carboxamide (other name: para-fluoro furanyl fentanyl);

N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-butanamide (other name: para-fluorobutyrylfentanyl);
N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide (other name: para-fluorofentanyl);

N,N-diethyl-2-[2-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-nitrobenzimidazol-1-yl] ethanamine (other name: Flunitazene);

N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-isopropoxybenzyl)-5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-amine (other name: Isotonitazene);

N,N-diethyl-2-{[(4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl]-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl}-ethan-1-amine (other names: Etazene, Desnitroetonitazene);
N,N-diethyl-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole-1-ethanamine (other name: Metodesnitazene);

N,N-diethyl-2-[5-nitro-2-(4-propoxybenzyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl]ethanamine (other name: Protonitazene);

N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2-furancarboxamide (other name: N-benzyl Furanyl norfentanyl);

N-phenyl-N-(4-piperidinyl)-propanamide (other name: Norfentanyl);

Noracymethadol;

Norlevorphanol;

Normethadone;

Norpipanone;
N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2-furancarboxamide (other name: Furanyl fentanyl);

N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2-propenamide (other name: Acryl fentanyl);

N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-butanamide (other name: butyryl fentanyl);

N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-pentanamide (other name: Pentanoyl fentanyl);

N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-thienyl)ethyl-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide (other name: thiofentanyl);
N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]thiophene-2-carboxamide (other name: thiophene fentanyl);

Ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl (other name: N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide);

Para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl (other name: N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide);

Para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl (other name: N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide);

Phenadoxone;

Phenampromide;

Phenomorphan;

Phenoperidine;
Piritramide;

Proheptazine;

Properidine;

Propiram;

Racemoramide;

Tilidine;

Trimeperidine;

N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxamide (other name: Benzodioxole fentanyl);

3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(diethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide (other name: U-49900);

2-methoxy-N-(2-methylphenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]acetamide (other names: ortho-methyl methoxyacetylfentanyl; 2-methyl methoxyacetyl fentanyl);
2-methyl-N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]butanamide (other names: 2-methyl butyryl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl);

2-[2-[(4-butoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-nitrobenzimidazol-1-yl]-N,N-diethylethanamine (other name: Butonitazene);

2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methyl acetamide (other name: U-48800);

2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methyl acetamide (other name: U-51754);
2-(4-isopropoxybenzyl)-5-nitro-1-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (other name: N-Pyrrolidino Isotonitazene);

N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-methoxy-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-acetamide (other name: Ocfentanil);

N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)pentanamide (other names: para-fluoro valeryl fentanyl, para-fluoro pentanoyl fentanyl);

N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]acetamide (other name: para-fluoroacetyl fentanyl);
N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-butanamide (other name: 4-methoxybutyrylfentanyl);

N-phenyl-2-methyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide (other name: Isobutyryl fentanyl);

N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-cyclopentanecarboxamide (other name: Cyclopentyl fentanyl);

N-phenyl-N-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-propanamide (other name: N-methyl norfentanyl);

N-phenyl-N-(1-propionyl-4-piperidinyl)-propanamide (other name: N-propionyl norfentanyl);
N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxamide (other names: 3,4-methylenedioxy U-47700 or 3,4-MDO-U-47700);

N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2-butenamide (other name: Crotonyl fentanyl);

N-phenyl-N-[4-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-propanamide (other name: 4-phenylfentanyl);

N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-benzamide (other names: Phenyl fentanyl, Benzoyl fentanyl);
N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-phenylfuran-2-carboxamide (other name: Furanyl UF-17);

N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-phenylpropionamide (other name: UF-17);

3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-isopropyl-benzamide (other name: Isopropyl U-47700);

5-nitro-2-(4-propoxybenzyl)-1-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl]-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (other names: N-Pyrrolidino Protonitazene, Protonitazepyne).